Baltic Germans - Wikipedia. Baltic Germans. Deutsch- Balten. Baltic German colours.

Stream The Dark online with english subtitles 1280. Total population~5,0. Latvia and Estonia) Latvia: 2,8. Estonia: 1,9. 13. Historically. Terra Mariana, Governorate of Courland, Governorate of Estonia, Governorate of Livonia. Since 1. 94. 5 virtually extinct/post- war Germany, Canada, small numbers in Latvia and Estonia. Languages. High German, Low German.

Religion. Principally Lutheranism, with Roman Catholic. Related ethnic groups. Germans, Germans in Russia, Estonians, Latvians, Lietuvininks, Estonian Swedes.

Schloß Britz (1938), Archiv Bürgerverein Berlin-Britz e.V. Aktuelle Ausstellung: "Hundertwasser - Farbenspiele" - 8.4.

PHA CODE PHA FORMAL NAME DEVELOPMENT NUMBER DEVELOPMENT NAME AL001 Housing Authority of the Birmingham District AL001000021 FREEDOM MANOR AL001000023.

Baltic German stained glass. The Baltic Germans (German: Deutsch- Balten or Deutschbalten, later Baltendeutsche) are ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia. Since their expulsion from Estonia and Latvia and resettlement during the upheavals and aftermath of the Second World War, Baltic Germans have markedly declined as a geographically determined ethnic group. The emerging Baltic- German middle class was mostly urban and professional.

In the 1. 2th and 1. Catholic Germans, both traders and crusaders (see Ostsiedlung), began settling in the eastern Baltic territories. With the decline of Latin, German became the language of all official documents, commerce, education and government. At first the majority of German settlers lived in small cities and military castles. Their elite formed the Baltic nobility, acquiring large rural estates and comprising the social, commercial, political and cultural elite of Latvia and Estonia for several centuries. After 1. 71. 0 many of these men increasingly took high positions in the military, political and civilian life of the Russian Empire, particularly in Saint Petersburg.

Baltic Germans held citizenship in the Russian Empire until the Revolution of 1. They held Estonian or Latvian citizenship until the invasion of these areas by Nazi German forces in 1. The Baltic German population never surpassed more than 1.

Almost all the Baltic Germans were resettled by Nazi Germany under the Heim ins Reich program into the newly formed Reichsgaue. Wartheland and Danzig- West Prussia (on the territory of the occupied Second Polish Republic).

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In 1. 94. 5, most ethnic Germans were expelled from these lands by the Soviet army. Resettlement was planned for the territory remaining to Germany under terms of the border changes promulgated at the Potsdam Conference, i. But the Germans of East Prussia held Prussian, and after 1. German citizenship, because the territory they lived in was part of Kingdom of Prussia.

Ethnic composition. The early crusaders, tradesmen and craftsmen often married local women, as there were no German women available. Some noble families, such as the Lievens, claimed descent through such women from native chieftains. Many of the German Livonian Order soldiers died during the Livonian War. New German arrivals came to the area.

During this time the Low German (Plattdeutsch) of the original settlers was gradually replaced by the High German (Hochdeutsch) of the new settlers. In the course of their 7. Baltic German families had ethnic German roots but also had extensive intermarriage with Estonians, Livonians and Latvians, as well as with other Northern European peoples, such as Danes, Swedes, Irish, English, Scots, (Slavic) Poles, Hungarians and (Germanic) Dutch. In cases where intermarriage occurred, members of the other ethnic groups frequently assimilated into German culture, adopting language, customs, and family German names. They were then considered Germans, leading to the ethnogenesis of the Baltic Germans. Barclay de Tolly and George Armitstead, who emmigrated from the British Isles, married into and became part of the Baltic- German community.

Systematic conquest and settlement of these lands was completed during the Northern Crusades of the 1. Terra Mariana confederation, under the protection of Roman Popes and Holy Roman Empire. After the heavy defeat in the 1. Battle of Saule the Livonian Brothers of the Sword became a part of the Teutonic Order. During the next three centuries German- speaking soldiers, clergymen, merchants and craftsmen constituted the majority of the quickly growing urban population, as the native inhabitants usually were prohibited from settling there. Membership in the Hanseatic League and active trade links with Russia and Europe increased wealth of Baltic German traders.

Polish- Lithuanian and Swedish rule. When the Prussian branch of the Order secularized in 1.

Polish vassal state as the Duchy of Prussia, the Livonian branch remained independent while searching for a similar way to secularize. Livonia became mostly Protestant during the Reformation. In 1. 55. 8, the Tsardom of Russia began the Livonian War against Terra Mariana which soon involved Kingdoms of Poland, Sweden, and Denmark and lasted for 2. In 1. 56. 1, Terra Mariana ceased to exist and was divided among Denmark (which took the island of . The secularized land was divided among the remaining knights who formed the basis of Baltic nobility. Duchy of Courland and Semigallia existed as a German- speaking country until 1. Duchy of Livonia was conquered by Sweden which controlled parts of Estonia between 1.

Swedish Livonia between 1. Baltic German nobles not to undermine their political rights and autonomy. The Academia Gustaviana (now University of Tartu) was founded in 1. King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden. It remained the only institution of the higher education in the former Livonian territories and became the intellectual focus of the Baltic Germans. At the end of the 1. Sweden introduced the land reduction in its Baltic provinces and properties held by German nobility became the property of the Crown.

That effectively turned serfs into free peasants, but it would be overturned when Russia conquered these territories in 1. German landowners under the Treaty of Nystad. Russia's Baltic governorates (1. Until the imperial reforms of 1.

Baltic nobility held membership and cities were ruled by German burgomasters. Between 1. 71. 0 and approximately 1. Baltic German ruling class enjoyed great autonomy from the Imperial government and achieved great political influence in the Imperial court. Starting from the 1. Baltic German nobility increasingly assumed leading posts in the Russian imperial government, after all, Russia was ruled by a German dynasty of Holstein- Gottorp, and Baltic Germans provided a well- educated, Westernized elite.

Germans, other than the local estate- owners, mainly lived in the cities, such as Riga, Reval, Dorpat, Pernau and Mittau. As late as the mid- 1. German majority, with Estonian, Latvian or Jewish minorities.

By 1. 86. 7 Riga's population was 4. German. After 1. 88. Russians. Rise of native peoples. In contrast to the Baltic Germans, Estonians and Latvians had restricted civil rights and resided mostly in rural areas as serfs, tradesmen, or as servants in manors and urban homes. They had no rights to leave their masters and no last names. This was in keeping with the social scheme of things in Russian Empire, and lasted until the 1.

In 1. 80. 4 Livonian peasant law was introduced by Imperial government, aimed at improving condition of serfs. Serfdom was abolished in all Baltic provinces between 1.

Russia proper. For some time there was no outward tension between the German speakers and indigenous residents. If earlier any Latvian or Estonian who managed to rise above his class was expected to Germanize and to forget his roots, by the middle of 1. German urban classes began to feel increasing competition from the natives, who after the First Latvian National Awakening and Estonian national awakening produced their own middle class and moved to German and Jewish dominated towns and cities in increasing numbers. The Revolution of 1. Baltic German landowners, the burning of manors, and the torture and even killing of members of the nobility.

During the 1. 90. Revolution groups of rebels burned over 4. German owned buildings and killed 8. Germans. In response Cossack punitive expeditions aided by German nobles and officers burned down hundreds of farms, arrested and deported thousands and summarily executed at least 2,0. Reaction to 1. 90. Revolution included a scheme by Karl Baron von Manteuffel- Szoege and Silvio Broedrich- Kurmahlen to pacify the countryside by settling up to 2.

German farmers, mostly from Volhynia, in Courland. German heritage made them to be seen as the enemy by Russians. They were seen also as traitors by the German Empire if they remained loyal to Russia.

Their loyalty to the state was questioned and rumors of a German fifth column increased together with the defeats of Imperial army led by Paul von Rennenkampf. All German schools and societies were closed in Estonian Governorate and Germans were ordered to leave the Courland Governorate for inner Russia. Courland was conquered by Germany in 1. Ober Ost administration.

After the Russian surrender at the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk in 1. German Empire occupied the remaining Baltic provinces.

Ober Ost military administration began plans for German colonization of Courland. On April 2. 0, 1. Commanded- in- Chief of the Eastern front announced that 1/3 or arable land there shall be reserved for settlement by German war veterans. This was approved by Courland’s German nobility on September 2. In response Bolsheviks, who controlled Estonia, arrested 5. Germans and deported them to Russia.

After signing of Treaty of Brest- Litovsk they were allowed to return. Under German- Soviet treaties, Germany gained control over Courland, Riga, Saaremaa, Livonia and Estonia. In spring of 1. 91.

Baltic Germans announced restoration of independent Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and pursued plans for uniting it with the Kingdom of Prussia. On April 1. 2, 1.

Baltic German representatives from all Baltic provinces met in Riga and called on the German Emperor to annex Baltic lands.